Complications of Untreated Hydronephrosis: Risks and Prevention

Introduction

The disorder known as hydronephrosis is characterised by the enlargement of one or both kidneys as a result of urine buildup. Urine backs up into the kidney as a result of obstructions in the urine’s flow. If left untreated, hydronephrosis can lead to serious health complications. Understanding these risks and learning how to prevent them is crucial for maintaining kidney health and overall well-being.

Definition

A medical disorder called hydronephrosis is characterised by the dilatation or enlargement of one or both kidneys as a result of pee accumulation. Urine cannot adequately drain from the kidney into the bladder when there is an obstruction or blockage in the urinary tract. Kidney stones, tumours, congenital anomalies, and scarring from prior infections are a few possible causes of the obstruction.  

Understanding Hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis is not a disease itself but rather a sign of an underlying condition that causes urine flow obstruction. The blockage can occur anywhere along the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. The severity of hydronephrosis can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of urine buildup and the duration of the blockage.

Common causes of hydronephrosis include kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), tumors, congenital abnormalities, and pregnancy. All age groups, from young children to the elderly, are susceptible to the illness.

Complications of Untreated Hydronephrosis

If hydronephrosis is not promptly treated, it can lead to a range of complications, some of which can be life-threatening. Below are the key risks associated with untreated hydronephrosis:

Kidney Damage:

One of the most serious complications of untreated hydronephrosis is irreversible kidney damage. The pressure from the accumulated urine can compress and damage the delicate structures within the kidney, including the nephrons, which are responsible for filtering waste from the blood. Over time, this damage can lead to a loss of kidney function, potentially resulting in chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney failure.
In severe cases, the affected kidney may need to be removed (nephrectomy) if it becomes non-functional. Losing a kidney puts additional strain on the remaining kidney, increasing the risk of developing further kidney problems.

Infections:

Urine that remains stagnant in the urinary tract due to hydronephrosis creates an ideal environment for bacterial growth, leading to urinary tract infections (UTIs). If a UTI develops, it can cause symptoms such as pain, fever, and difficulty urinating. If left untreated, the infection can spread to the kidneys, resulting in a more serious condition known as pyelonephritis.
Pyelonephritis can cause high fever, severe back pain, nausea, and vomiting. In some cases, it can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening infection that spreads throughout the body. Recurrent kidney infections due to untreated hydronephrosis can also contribute to long-term kidney damage.

Sepsis:

Sepsis is a medical emergency that occurs when the body’s response to an infection triggers widespread inflammation, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and potentially death. In the context of hydronephrosis, sepsis can develop if a kidney infection spreads into the bloodstream. The risk of sepsis is higher in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly, infants, and those with chronic health conditions.
Sepsis can be avoided by treating infections as soon as they are identified. Sepsis is characterised by fever, chills, fast breathing, disorientation, and an accelerated heartbeat. Seeking medical assistance right away is necessary if sepsis is suspected.

Electrolyte Imbalances:

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body’s electrolyte balance by filtering and regulating the levels of minerals such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. Hydronephrosis can impair the kidneys’ ability to perform this function, leading to electrolyte imbalances.
Electrolyte imbalances can cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, fatigue, irregular heartbeats, and seizures. These imbalances can be potentially fatal in severe situations and call for immediate medical attention.

High Blood Pressure:

Untreated hydronephrosis can contribute to the development of high blood pressure (hypertension). The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by controlling the amount of sodium and water in the body. When kidney function is compromised due to hydronephrosis, this regulation is disrupted, leading to increased blood pressure.
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. It can also further damage the kidneys, creating a vicious cycle of worsening kidney function and escalating blood pressure.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):

Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their ability to function properly. Untreated hydronephrosis can be a significant contributor to the development of CKD. There is an accumulation of toxins in the body as a result of the kidneys’ diminished capacity to filter waste and extra fluid from the circulation as they age.
CKD often develops slowly over time and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as the condition progresses, symptoms such as fatigue, swelling, difficulty concentrating, and shortness of breath may occur. Advanced CKD can lead to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Hydronephrosis in Pregnancy:

Pregnant women are at increased risk of developing hydronephrosis due to the pressure that the growing uterus places on the urinary tract. If left untreated, hydronephrosis during pregnancy can lead to complications such as preterm labor, urinary tract infections, and reduced amniotic fluid levels. In severe cases, it can also affect the health of the baby.
Regular prenatal care and monitoring are essential for preventing and managing hydronephrosis during pregnancy. Early detection and treatment can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications.

Prevention of Hydronephrosis Complications

Preventing the complications of untreated hydronephrosis involves early detection, timely treatment, and addressing the underlying causes of the condition. The following are some methods to lower the possibility of complications:

Regular Health Checkups:

Regular health checkups and routine urine tests can help detect hydronephrosis in its early stages. Early detection lowers the chance of problems by enabling timely intervention.  Individuals with a history of kidney stones, urinary tract infections, or other risk factors should be particularly vigilant about monitoring their kidney health.

Addressing Underlying Conditions:

Treating the underlying causes of hydronephrosis is essential for preventing complications. For example, kidney stones can often be managed with medications, dietary changes, or minimally invasive procedures. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may require medications or surgery to relieve urinary obstruction.
Managing chronic health conditions such as diabetes and hypertension is also crucial, as these conditions can contribute to kidney damage and increase the risk of hydronephrosis.

Staying Hydrated:

Staying well-hydrated helps prevent the formation of kidney stones and reduces the risk of urinary tract infections. Drinking plenty of water throughout the day can help flush out toxins and keep the urinary tract clear.
However, individuals with certain health conditions, such as heart failure or advanced kidney disease, should consult their healthcare provider about appropriate fluid intake.

Prompt Treatment of Infections:

Prompt treatment of urinary tract infections is essential to prevent the spread of infection to the kidneys and reduce the risk of hydronephrosis-related complications. If you experience symptoms of a UTI, such as pain during urination, frequent urination, or cloudy urine, seek medical attention promptly.
Completing the full course of prescribed antibiotics and following up with your healthcare provider can help ensure the infection is fully resolved.

Avoiding Risk Factors:

Avoiding certain risk factors can help reduce the likelihood of developing hydronephrosis. For example, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding excessive salt intake, and managing chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension can protect kidney health.
Additionally, pregnant women should receive regular prenatal care to monitor for any signs of hydronephrosis and address any urinary tract issues promptly.

Growth Rate of Hydronephrosis Market

The size of the global hydronephrosis market was estimated at USD 3.22 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.64% from 2024 to 2031, to reach USD 6.72 billion.

Read More:https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-hydronephrosis-market

Conclusion

Hydronephrosis is a serious condition that can lead to significant complications if left untreated. Kidney damage, infections, sepsis, and chronic kidney disease are just a few of the potential risks associated with untreated hydronephrosis. Early detection, prompt treatment, and preventive measures are key to reducing these risks and maintaining kidney health. By understanding the dangers of untreated hydronephrosis and taking proactive steps to prevent complications, individuals can protect their health and well-being.